A Guide to Scoliosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

What Causes Scoliosis?

Scoliosis can develop from various factors, though the exact cause remains unknown in many cases. Here are the primary types of scoliosis and their causes:

1. Idiopathic Scoliosis

• The most common type (about 80% of cases)
• There is no identifiable cause, but genetics may play a role
• Typically diagnosed in adolescents

2. Congenital Scoliosis

• Present at birth due to spinal malformations during fetal development
• May worsen as a child grows

3. Neuromuscular Scoliosis

• Results from neurological or muscular conditions such as cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy, or spina bifida
• Often progresses quickly and requires medical intervention

4. Degenerative Scoliosis (Adult-Onset Scoliosis)

• Occurs due to aging-related spinal changes, such as arthritis or osteoporosis
• More common in adults over 50
• May lead to chronic back pain and mobility issues

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Common Symptoms of Scoliosis

Scoliosis symptoms vary based on severity and type. Some people experience no symptoms, while others may have noticeable physical and functional issues, such as:

1. Physical Symptoms

• Uneven shoulders or hips
• A prominent rib cage on one side
• A visibly curved spine
• Uneven waistline

2. Pain-Related Symptoms

• Chronic back pain, especially in adults
• Muscle tightness or spasms
• Numbness or weakness in the legs (in severe cases)

3. Mobility and Posture Issues

• Difficulty standing straight
• Reduced flexibility in the spine
• Trouble walking or maintaining balance

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How Is Scoliosis Diagnosed?

A proper scoliosis diagnosis involves a thorough physical exam and imaging tests to determine the degree of spinal curvature.

1. Physical Examination

• Adam's Forward Bend Test: The patient bends forward while the doctor examines spinal alignment.
• Checking for uneven shoulders, hips, and ribs.

2. Imaging Tests

• X-ray (to measure the Cobb angle, which determines severity)
• MRI or CT scans (for detailed spinal imaging, especially if nerve involvement is suspected)

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Treatment Options for Scoliosis

Scoliosis treatment depends on the severity of the curve, symptoms, and age of the patient.

1. Non-Surgical Treatments

For mild to moderate scoliosis cases, non-invasive treatments can effectively manage symptoms.

Bracing

• Effective for children and adolescents with progressive scoliosis.
• Helps prevent further curvature progression but does not reverse existing curvature.

Physical Therapy & Exercise

• Strengthens the core muscles supporting the spine.
• Improves posture and flexibility.
• Common exercises: swimming, yoga, and Pilates.

Pain Management

• NSAIDs (like ibuprofen) help reduce inflammation and pain.
• Epidural steroid injections for nerve-related discomfort.
• Chiropractic care and spinal adjustments may offer relief in some cases.

2. Surgical Options for Severe Scoliosis

For curves greater than 40–50 degrees, surgery might be recommended.

Spinal Fusion Surgery

• The most common scoliosis surgery.
• Fuses two or more vertebrae to stabilize the spine.
• Metal rods and screws are used to maintain alignment.

Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT)

• A minimally invasive alternative for younger patients.
• Uses flexible cords to correct curvature gradually.

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Can Scoliosis Be Prevented?

Since most cases of scoliosis are idiopathic, prevention is difficult. However, maintaining a strong, healthy spine can help minimize symptoms and discomfort.

Tips for Spinal Health

• Regular exercise, including strength training and stretching.
• Proper posture when sitting, standing, or lifting objects.
• Ergonomic workspaces for prolonged sitting or computer use.
• Routine check-ups, especially if scoliosis runs in your family.

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Living with Scoliosis

Many people with scoliosis lead active and fulfilling lives with proper management.

Daily Life Adjustments

• Avoid heavy lifting or high-impact activities if you have chronic pain.
• Use ergonomic chairs and supportive mattresses.
• Engage in low-impact activities like swimming and cycling.

Mental Health Considerations

• Scoliosis can impact self-esteem and body image, particularly in adolescents.
• Support groups and counseling can help manage emotional challenges.

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When to See a Specialist

If scoliosis symptoms interfere with your daily activities or cause chronic pain, it's time to consult a specialist. Don't let scoliosis pain limit your lifestyle. Contact Dr. Anderson at the Brazos Valley Pain Specialists to explore your treatment options today.

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Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

1. Can scoliosis go away on its own?

No, scoliosis does not typically resolve on its own. However, mild cases may not require treatment if they are not progressing.

2. What is the best sleeping position for scoliosis?

Sleeping on your back with a supportive pillow is ideal. Side sleeping can also work if you use a pillow between your knees to align your spine.

3. Can scoliosis cause breathing problems?

Although rare, severe scoliosis can reduce lung capacity and lead to breathing difficulties.

4. Is scoliosis hereditary?

There is a genetic component, meaning it can run in families.

5. Can adults develop scoliosis?

Yes, degenerative scoliosis can develop due to aging-related changes in the spine, like arthritis or osteoporosis.